然而初步的研究却进行得相当不顺。人们逐渐意识到,仅仅让幼稚T细胞(na?ve T cells)与异体蛋白相结合,还不足以引起强烈的免疫反应。换句话说,为了让T细胞生效,我们还需要找到其他的核心因子。
▲CD28(绿色)与相应抗体结合时的结构(图片来源:By Original uploaded by Deglr6328 (Transfered by Vojtech.dostal) (Original uploaded on en.wikipedia) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons)
一位叫做石田靖雄的研究生接过了这个项目。他们获得了两种在特殊条件下,会发生程序性死亡的细胞系(LyD9,一种造血祖细胞;2B4.11,一种T细胞杂交瘤细胞),并做出了合理的假设:在细胞启动程序性死亡的步骤,就会启动相应的RNA与蛋白合成。如果能找到这些RNA或蛋白质,也许就能发现在其中起到关键作用的基因。顺着这个思路,研究人员们筛选出了一系列可能参与程序性细胞死亡的cDNA,其中的第一个基因被命名为PD-1(programmed cell death protein 1)。
本文题图:Photo by Adam Baker, ‘Nobel Prize Medal in Chemistry’ CC BY 4.0 (https://www.flickr.com/photos/atbaker/8459286843), via Flickr
参考资料:
[1] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018,Retrieved October 1, 2018, fromhttp://www.nobelprizemedicine.org/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2018/
[2]Dana R。 Leach (1996),Enhancement of Antitumor Immunity by CTLA-4 Blockade, Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.271.5256.1734
[3] Unleashing the immune system to combat cancer。 Retrieved September 30, 2018, from http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/unleashing-immune-system-combat-cancer/
[4] Warren Alpert Foundation Honors Five Pioneers Cancer Immunology。 Retrieved September 30, 2018, from https://hms.harvard.edu/news/warren-alpert-foundation-honors-five-pioneers-cancer-immunology
[5] Trailblazing Researchers in Immunotherapy Selected to Receive America‘s Most Distinguished Prize in Medicine。 RetrievedSeptember 30, 2018, from http://www.amc.edu/news/trailblazing-researchers-in-immunotherapy-selected-to-receive-americas-most-distinguished-prize-in-medicine.cfm
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